Osteochondrolipoma of the foot treated by surgical excision: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondromas, classified as a new benign subtype of lipomas and characterised by chondroid and osseous differentiation, are rare lesions that have been infrequently reported in previous literature. The maxillofacial region was reported as the most frequent localization, with infrequent occurrence in the lower limb. This paper represents the first documented case report of osteochondrolipoma in the foot. CASE PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old male patient presented with a chief complaint of right foot pain at the plantar aspect, accompanied by the observation of swelling between the first and the second metatarsal shafts. His complaint of pain and swelling started 10 and 4 years prior, respectively. Since their onset, both symptoms have progressed in nature. Imaging revealved a large mass exhibiting a nonhomogenous composition of fibrous tissue and bony structures. Surgical intervention through total excision was indicated. CONCLUSION: Osteochodrolipoma is a benign lesion that can affect the foot leading to decreased functionality of the foot due to the pain and swelling. Surgical excision is the recommended approach for this lesion, providing both symptomatic relief and confirmation of the diagnosis through histopathological examination.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Arabic Version of the Harris Hip Score.

Background: The Harris Hip Score (HHS) questionnaire has been translated and validated into many languages including Italian, Portuguese, and Turkish but not Arabic. The goal of this study was to translate HHS into the Arabic language with cross-cultural adaptation to include and benefit Arabic speaking communities as it is the most widely used instrument for disease-specific hip joint evaluation and measurement of total hip arthroplasty outcome. Methods: This questionnaire was translated following a clear and user-friendly guideline protocol. The Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability and internal consistency of the items of HHS. Additionally, the constructive validity of HHS was evaluated against the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). Results: A total of 100 participants were included in this study, of which 30 participants were re-evaluated for reliability testing. Cronbach's alpha of the total score of Arabic HHS is 0.528, and after the standardization, it changed to 0.742 which is within the recommended range (0.7-0.9). Lastly, the correlation between HHS and SF-36 was r = 0.71 (P < .001) which represents a strong correlation between the Arabic HHS and SF-36. Conclusions: Based on the results, we believe that the Arabic HHS can be used by clinicians, researchers, and patients to evaluate and report hip pathologies and total hip arthroplasty treatment efficacy.

INTRAOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND LEVEL OF CONTAMINATION DURING TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY.

Introduction: Despite numerous articles on intraoperative contamination in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures, the available data on tissue contamination are scarce and mainly based on evaluating bacteriological swabs. Methods: Two hundred and forty specimens, divided between bone and soft tissue, were obtained from 40 consecutive unilateral primaries TKAs. The specimens were evaluated for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth. Colony-forming units/gram (CFU/g) were calculated on the contaminated specimens to determine the level of contamination. Results: The contamination rate in intraoperative specimens was 15% during TKA. The contamination level had a mean of 10.6 and a median of 5, ranging from 1-70 CFU/g. The most common contaminating organisms in all samples were Staphylococcus aureus (38.9%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.6%). No clinical infections were detected in TKAs in the follow-up period. Conclusion: The contamination rate during TKA is relatively high, despite the practice of standard preventive measures. Contamination levels, measured by CFU/g, are considered low when compared to the infection threshold of 105 reported in the literature. However, contamination should not be underestimated due to the presence of foreign bodies (implants), which are known to significantly lower this threshold. Level of evidence IV; case series .

Introdução: Apesar dos inúmeros artigos sobre a contaminação intraoperatória em procedimentos de artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ), os dados disponíveis sobre a contaminação tecidual são escassos e baseiam-se principalmente na avaliação de swabs bacteriológicos. Métodos: Duzentos e quarenta espécimes, divididos entre ossos e tecidos moles, foram obtidos de 40 ATJ primárias unilaterais consecutivas. Os exemplares foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento bacteriano aeróbio e anaeróbio. As unidades formadoras de colônias/grama (UFC/g) foram calculadas nas amostras contaminadas para determinar o nível de contaminação. Resultados: A taxa de contaminação em espécimes intraoperatórios foi de 15% durante a ATJ. O nível de contaminação teve uma média de 10,6 e uma mediana de 5 variando de 1-70 UFC/g. Os organismos contaminantes mais comuns em todas as amostras foram Staphylococcus aureus (38,9%) e Staphylococcus epidermidis (30,6%). Nenhuma infecção clínica foi detectada nas ATJ durante o período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: A taxa de contaminação durante a ATJ é relativamente alta, apesar da prática de medidas preventivas padrão. Os níveis de contaminação, medidos por UFC/g, são considerados baixos quando comparados ao limiar de infecção de 105, relatado na literatura. No entanto, a contaminação não deve ser negligenciada devido à presença de corpos estranhos (implantes) que são conhecidos por reduzir significativamente esse limiar. Nível de evidência IV; series de casos.

Traumatic fracture of the polyethylene tibial post and cone in a posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Very few reports addressed polyethylene tibial post and cone fractures requiring revision surgery. Up to our knowledge, this particular pattern of wear, involving 2 fracture areas simultaneously, has not been previously described. CASE PRESENTATION: A 70 year-old female developed a fracture involving both the tibial insert post and cone after a minor trauma after undergoing posterior-stabilized total knee replacement 4 years prior. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: This unique pattern of wear may occur even after minor trauma. CONCLUSION: We recommend having a low threshold to investigate minor trauma in this patient population, even years after undergoing primary knee arthroplasty.

Extraarticular Pretibial Synovial Cyst After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Case Report.

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament has been modernized through new materials and novel surgical techniques. The usage of bioabsorbable screws for tibial fixation may potentially lead to complications, such as formation of a tibial tunnel or pretibial cysts. This is a relatively rare complication, but it has been described in the literature. The pathomechanism of cyst formation, however, still remains poorly understood. In this case report, we present a case of a healthy 23-year-old gentleman who had left tibia vara, which was treated surgically with proximal tibia corrective osteotomy with plate and screw fixation and subsequent hardware removal. Later in his life, he injured his anterior cruciate ligament, which required arthroscopic reconstruction. Years after, he developed a pretibial synovial cyst, which was visualized on magnetic resonance imaging. We reviewed previously published cases with similar presentations to help describe the possible etiology of intraosseous (tibial tunnel) cysts.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the upper extremity functional index.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the UEFI into Modern Standard Arabic language and to examine its psychometric properties among patients with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation were done following Beaton's guidelines. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error and floor and ceiling effects for the Arabic UEFI were tested among 109 patients with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Construct validity of the Arabic UEFI was also examined. RESULTS: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation processes were generally smooth with no major issues. The Arabic UEFI was considered appropriate and comprehensible by the participants. Internal consistency for Arabic UEFI was adequate (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96). Test-retest reliability for Arabic UEFI was excellent with ICC2,1=0.92. Measurement error was acceptable with a standard error of measurement of 5.5 and minimal detectable change of 12.8 points. Arabic UEFI shows no floor or ceiling effects. The results supported the majority of the construct validity predefined hypotheses (78%) supporting the construct validity of Arabic UEFI as a measure of upper extremity function. CONCLUSION: The Arabic UEFI is an appropriate, valid and reliable outcome measure for Arabic-speaking patients with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.Implication for Rehabilitation:The Arabic UEFI is an acceptable, clear and comprehensible outcome measure.The Arabic UEFI has excellent internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and acceptable measurement error with no floor and ceiling effects.The Arabic UEFI is a valid measure of upper extremity activity limitation.

Intraoperative evaluation and level of contamination during total knee arthroplasty / Avaliação e nível de contaminação intra-operatória durante a artroplastia total do joelho

ABSTRACT Introduction: Despite numerous articles on intraoperative contamination in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures, the available data on tissue contamination are scarce and mainly based on evaluating bacteriological swabs. Methods: Two hundred and forty specimens, divided between bone and soft tissue, were obtained from 40 consecutive unilateral primaries TKAs. The specimens were evaluated for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth. Colony-forming units/gram (CFU/g) were calculated on the contaminated specimens to determine the level of contamination. Results: The contamination rate in intraoperative specimens was 15% during TKA. The contamination level had a mean of 10.6 and a median of 5, ranging from 1-70 CFU/g. The most common contaminating organisms in all samples were Staphylococcus aureus (38.9%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.6%). No clinical infections were detected in TKAs in the follow-up period. Conclusion: The contamination rate during TKA is relatively high, despite the practice of standard preventive measures. Contamination levels, measured by CFU/g, are considered low when compared to the infection threshold of 105 reported in the literature. However, contamination should not be underestimated due to the presence of foreign bodies (implants), which are known to significantly lower this threshold. Level of evidence IV; case series .

RESUMO Introdução: Apesar dos inúmeros artigos sobre a contaminação intraoperatória em procedimentos de artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ), os dados disponíveis sobre a contaminação tecidual são escassos e baseiam-se principalmente na avaliação de swabs bacteriológicos. Métodos: Duzentos e quarenta espécimes, divididos entre ossos e tecidos moles, foram obtidos de 40 ATJ primárias unilaterais consecutivas. Os exemplares foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento bacteriano aeróbio e anaeróbio. As unidades formadoras de colônias/grama (UFC/g) foram calculadas nas amostras contaminadas para determinar o nível de contaminação. Resultados: A taxa de contaminação em espécimes intraoperatórios foi de 15% durante a ATJ. O nível de contaminação teve uma média de 10,6 e uma mediana de 5 variando de 1-70 UFC/g. Os organismos contaminantes mais comuns em todas as amostras foram Staphylococcus aureus (38,9%) e Staphylococcus epidermidis (30,6%). Nenhuma infecção clínica foi detectada nas ATJ durante o período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: A taxa de contaminação durante a ATJ é relativamente alta, apesar da prática de medidas preventivas padrão. Os níveis de contaminação, medidos por UFC/g, são considerados baixos quando comparados ao limiar de infecção de 105, relatado na literatura. No entanto, a contaminação não deve ser negligenciada devido à presença de corpos estranhos (implantes) que são conhecidos por reduzir significativamente esse limiar. Nível de evidência IV; series de casos.

Total Knee Arthroplasty With Megaprosthesis for Idiopathic Charcot Knee.

Charcot knee is a rare condition with few reported cases in the literature. Although the clinical presentation is highly variable, Charcot knee classically presents with painful arthropathy in addition to instability and decreased range of motion. Herein, we describe the case of a 72-year-old man with idiopathic Charcot knee. The diagnosis was established on the basis of history of neuropathic arthropathy of the knee, supported by knee radiographs and the exclusion of all known etiologies of Charcot knee. Because of a highly destructed knee joint, the patient underwent a total knee arthroplasty using the Global Modular Replacement System proximal tibial prosthesis. The surgery was done without any major complications, resulting in symptomatic and functional improvements.

Quantification Analysis of the Intraoperative Bacterial Contamination Rate and Level in Osteochondral Autografts.

BACKGROUND: Inadvertent contamination of osteochondral (OC) autografts during harvesting and preparation can lead to significant complications and can cause the operating team to weigh the infection risk after reimplantation against discarding the OC fragment. The most commonly reported contamination mechanism is the accidental dropping of an OC fragment; however, associated contamination levels remain unclear. The rate and level of contamination during standard harvesting and preparation are also unknown. PURPOSE: To quantitatively evaluate the rate and level of bacterial contamination of OC autografts during harvesting and preparation compared with those of accidently dropped autografts. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Under sterile conditions, 138 fresh OC specimens were harvested and retrieved from 23 primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Six OC fragments were retrieved from each TKA: 3 were used as controls, and 3 were dropped onto the operating room floor. Each specimen was incubated to allow for aerobic and anaerobic growth, and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram was calculated. RESULTS: Contamination rates (positive cultures) for the control and dropped groups were 29% (n = 20/69) and 42% (n = 29/69), respectively. The difference in the contamination rate between groups was not statistically significant (P = .109). The most common organisms identified were Staphylococcus aureus (40%) in the control group and Staphylococcus epidermidis (24.1%) and Bacillus species (20.7%) in the dropped group. The contamination level (CFUs/g) for both groups was low. The median (range) CFUs/g among the contaminated specimens in the dropped and control groups were 27 (1-120) and 3 (1-15), respectively (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: A relatively high rate of OC autograft contamination can be expected during harvesting and preparation (29%) or after accidentally dropping a specimen (42%). Although the types of organisms isolated differed between specimens contaminated during harvesting and preparation and dropped specimens, the quantification of the autograft contamination level revealed a very low CFUs/g in both cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The intraoperative autograft contamination level is very low. Hence, in cases of grafts with a known contamination incident, saving and reimplanting them after proper decontamination is recommended over discarding them or using an allograft.

Randomized clinical trial of continuous femoral nerve block combined with sciatic nerve block versus epidural analgesia for unilateral total knee arthroplasty.

Pain control following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is crucial to hasten rehabilitation and decrease morbidity. We evaluated whether there is a difference between epidural infusion and continuous femoral nerve block with respect to postoperative pain control and rehabilitation course. Fifty patients completed the study. There was no statistically significant difference in the pain scores (P=0.33), morphine consumption (P=0.09) mean blood pressure or heart rate (P=0.957, and P=0.716) between groups. The postoperative daily mobilization (P=0.80), knee joint range of motion (P=0.83), and straight leg test (P=0.99) were also similar between both groups. Patients were highly satisfied with their pain management in both groups without statistically significant difference (P=0.98).

The early detection and management of unstable concentric closed reduction of DDH with percutaneous K-wire fixation in infants 6 to 12 months of age.

BACKGROUND: In some infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip, concentric closed reduction, although initially achievable, cannot be maintained even by casting because of a deficient posterior acetabular wall. Usually, these hips will redislocate in the cast and a rereduction will be necessary, often requiring an open reduction subsequently. METHODS: A 3-year retrospective review of 88 infants, (M/F; 14/74) 6 to 12 months of age with 124 dislocated hips, was conducted to assess the efficacy of percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation in achieving permanent hip stability. A "hip-at-risk" instability test was developed to detect potentially unstable hips at the time of closed reduction that might redislocate in the hip spica cast, and these hips were stabilized with a percutaneous K-wire through the greater trochanter into the pelvic bone. RESULTS: The hip instability test was positive in 27 hips and negative in 97. Percutaneous K-wire fixation was used to stabilize 21 hips with a positive hip instability test. All 21 unstable hips that were stabilized with the K-wire technique maintained their concentric reduction and went on to stable development. No K-wire breakage was encountered and only 1 superficial pin tract infection occurred. CONCLUSIONS: K-wire stabilization of unstable closed reductions is a safe, reliable technique for maintaining concentric hip reduction in infants 6 to 12 months of age with developmental dislocation of the hips. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II retrospective study.

Iliosacral resection for primary bone tumors: is pelvic reconstruction necessary?

UNLABELLED: Iliosacral resection for primary bone tumors creates a large unstable pelvic ring defect, the treatment of which remains controversial. We did this study to determine if skeletal reconstruction of such defects is necessary. Sixteen patients whose data were collected prospectively had iliosacral resection with a minimum followup of 12 months. The surgical and functional results of patients who had skeletal reconstruction (n = 4) were compared with the results of patients who did not have iliosacral repair (n = 12) using a case-control design. Function was evaluated by assessing impairment using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 1987 and 1993 rating scales, and disability was measured using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score. Although all four iliosacral arthrodeses initially healed, one allograft used for reconstruction fractured and another was removed because of progressive lumbosacral spinal instability. Patients treated without pelvic reconstruction had fewer operative complications. Although the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 1987 and 1993 scores were similar for both patient groups, those patients who were treated without reconstruction were less likely to require the use of an ambulatory assistive device, less likely to require narcotics or have chronic pain, and more likely to return to work. These results suggest that reconstruction of the skeletal defect to restore pelvic stability after iliosacral resection is not mandatory. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, Level III-1 (case-control study). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Outcome after pelvic sarcoma resection reconstructed with saddle prosthesis.

UNLABELLED: We retrospectively reviewed 27 patients who had saddle prosthetic reconstruction for pelvic sarcoma from 1991 to 2001 with a mean followup of 45 months. Functional outcome was assessed with Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Scores of 1987 and 1993 and the Toronto Extremity Salvage score. Survival, recurrences, and complications were recorded. Seven (26%) patients had Type II (periacetabular) pelvic resection and 20 had Types II and III (periacetabular and pubis) pelvic resection. Eleven patients had chemotherapy treatment. None received radiation therapy. At final followup 14 patients were free of disease, 11 patients died, and two patients were alive with disease. The survival rate was 60%. Twenty-two percent had local recurrence, and 22% had metastasis. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score 93 score in 17 patients was 50.8% +/- 21.7%, the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score 87 score was 15.3 +/- 6.1, and the mean Toronto Extremity Salvage score was 64.4% +/- 17.2%. Infection occurred in 10 patients; six were deep infections. There were five nerve palsies. Heterotopic ossification occurred in 10 patients, fracture occurred in six patients, and dislocation occurred in six patients. Limb shortening was progressive until it stabilized at 12 months, and ultimately ranged between 1 and 6 cm. Five patients were retired, five had full-time employment, and six were disabled. Reconstruction with the saddle prosthesis after resection for pelvic sarcoma is associated with substantial morbidity. However, the functional results seem to confer an advantage when compared with the considerable disability incurred after hemipelvectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, Level IV-1 (case series without control group). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Ganglion cyst and olecranon physis nonunion in a baseball pitcher: unique treatment after conservative therapy fails.

Although ganglion cysts and stress fractures occur at many joints, the presence of both disorders at the same joint is rare. In this unusual case, a 30-year-old professional pitcher had been treated conservatively for presumed olecranon bursitis in his right (throwing) arm, but, when therapy failed, he sought additional care. A thorough workup and subsequent surgery revealed a ganglion cyst and nonunion of a stress fracture of the olecranon physis. The ganglion cyst had its origin at the fracture site, and both cyst and bone fragment were excised. The patient had a full recovery and was able to resume pitching as an instructor 18 months after surgery.